Integrated Global Services Inc.
Integrated Global Services Inc.
Integrated Global Services Inc.
Refineries, petrochemical and chemical facilities can reduce NOx by up to 25% and CO2 by up to 15%.
Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical facilities are widely considered as some of the main sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which adversely affect the environment.
Refineries, petrochemical and chemical facilities work with Integrated Global Services (IGS) to evaluate their fired heater. The evaluation estimates results that can be achieved with the application of one or several innovative technologies: high emissivity Cetek coatings, Tube Tech cleaning services, and Environmental SCR solutions.
Cetek coating can be applied into the refractory, process tubes, or both, depending on the type of the fired heater and its design and operating parameters.
Advanced performance enhancing solutions have created an increased opportunity to reduce emissions in fired heaters and reformers. IGS is working with EGS committees across the globe to help reduce emissions of both NOx and CO2, contributing to total emissions reduction across facilities worldwide.
Process tubes in fired heaters are typically steel alloy, such as ASTM A335 P9 (9% chrome). In use at high operating temperatures, in the presence of excess oxygen, the external surfaces will oxidize, and layers of scale will grow. These layers are very insulating and create a significant barrier to conductive heat transfer to the process fluid inside.
This leads to over-firing the heater to maintain production, but that creates more oxidation and scale growth. Ultimately, the fired heater becomes limited and production rates suffer.
The tube coating application process removes all the scale and oxidation from the tube surfaces. A thin film, high emissivity ceramic coating is then applied, which prevents any further oxidation and scale growth for the life of the coating. The high emissivity nature of the coating ensures that a maximum amount of radiant heat available is absorbed by the tube surfaces.
The combined benefit from high emissivity coatings applied to refractory and tube surfaces can be as high as 15% increase in radiant section heat transfer efficiency.
Convection section efficiency can be improved with the use of convection section cleaning. IGS’ Tube Tech solution utilizes robotic cleaning that achieves a 90%+ clean area with no risks associated with manual/man entry cleaning.
Why is Fired Heater Efficiency Important?
Improving the efficiency of the Radiant and/or Convection section of the fired heater leads to a decrease in fuel consumption (unless a capacity increase was the original objective). A decrease in fuel consumption translates into lower CO2 and NOx emissions.
Overview
In high temperature, gas-fired process heaters, including refinery fired heaters, steam methane reformers and steam crackers, the NOx emissions are mostly from Thermal NOx. These are formed when nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air combine at the high temperatures in flame combustion products.
Effect of the Firebox Temperature on NOx Production
The relationship between firebox temperature and NOx emission is shown in the chart below, which is extracted from API Standard 535.
CO2 emissions are derived solely from burning hydrocarbon fuels – natural gas, or refinery derived gas. Any reduction in hydrocarbon fuel usage will naturally result in lowering the CO2 emissions from that fired heater.
In the radiant section, or primary reformer, much of the radiant energy from the flame/flue gases is transferred directly to the process/catalyst tubes; however, a significant proportion interacts with the refractory surfaces.
The mechanism of this interaction has an appreciable effect on the overall efficiency of radiant heat transfer. A major factor in determining the radiant efficiency is the emissivity of the refractory surface.
At process heater operating temperatures, new ceramic fiber linings, for example, have emissivity values of around 0.4. Insulating fire brick (IFB) and castable materials have emissivity values around 0.6. These materials have been designed with structural considerations and insulating efficiency as the primary requirements.
They tend not to handle radiation in the most efficient way. Cetek Ceramic Coatings, however, with emissivity values of above 0.9, have been designed specifically to supplement the radiation characteristics of the refractory surfaces.
It is important to understand how the emissivity property of a surface can affect the efficiency of heat transfer. There are two factors which need to be taken into account. The first is the spectral distribution of the radiation absorbed/emitted from a particular surface and the second is the value of the emissivity of that surface.
The amount of heat, Q, radiated from a surface (area, A; temperature, T; emissivity, ε) is given by the following, well-known Stephan Boltzman equation:
Q = AεσT4
Where σ is the Stephan Boltzman constant.
Lobo & Evans and others extended the calculation with reference to fired heaters and a simplified equation would appear as:
QR = Aσ(T14-T24)/F
Where F = 1/ε1+{A1/A2}{(1/ε2)-1} for tubes of area A2, surface temperature T2 and emissivity ε2 which are inside an enclosure, area A1, with surface temperature T1 and emissivity ε1.
The effects of maximizing the emissivity ε1 of the enclosure are obvious; there is a significant increase in radiant heat transfer to the tubes.
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